Despite significant progress under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to increase access to improved sanitation, investments in the subsequent steps, such as the safe emptying, transportation, and treatment of Faecal Sludge (FS) from on-site sanitation (OSS) systems, remain a significant challenge for Bangladesh. Bangladesh is gearing up to address this post- ‘Open Defecation Free (ODF),’ a challenge otherwise known as the second-generation sanitation challenge. If the Faecal Sludge (FS) produced in these on-site sanitation (OSS) systems are not adequately treated, then that can create significant health and environmental hazards that may undermine improvements in drinking water supply and health services.